Among others, the story featured a softball tournament organizer, a minister, and a doctor who all claimed to have modified their behavior because they were terrified of lawsuits. Ryan Warner, an insurance salesman in Page, Ariz., told Newsweek that he had recently cancelled an annual charity softball tournament because an injured player had sued the city of Page for $100,000. Warner said that he worried he might be added as a defendant.
The story as published, though, lacks a few critical details. Newsweek didn’t mention, for instance, that the 1997 federal Volunteer Protection Act ensures that people like Warner are immunized from these types of lawsuits. The article also excluded the injured man, Richard Sawyer, a locomotive engineer who suffered a dislocated ankle and a spiral fracture to the fibula–and missed months of work as a result–after he slid into a base that was supposed to break away on impact but didn’t because the city hadn’t followed the manufacturer’s instructions for maintaining these fixtures properly, according to Kevin Garrison, Sawyer’s lawyer.
The event organizers had insurance–required by the city–to protect against exactly this kind of situation, but Warner cancelled the tournament anyway because he says the lawsuit was “a hassle.” Canceling the tournament proved a smart PR move, as it brought out an immense amount of pressure on Sawyer to drop his suit, says Garrison. The case was settled this January for an undisclosed amount and Warner was never named. In fact, the tournament has been revived and scheduled for early September.
Not only were the particulars of the Newsweek story misleading. The essence of the story was wrong, too. Newsweek‘s “onslaught” of lawsuits simply hasn’t happened. According to the National Center for State Courts, a research group funded by state courts, personal injury and other tort filings, when controlled for population growth, have declined nationally by 8 percent since the 1975, and have been falling steadily in real numbers since 1996. The numbers are even more dramatic in places with rapid population growth, like Texas, where the rate of tort filings fell 37 percent between 1990 and 2000. Even in liberal California, the rate of filings has plummeted 45 percent over the past decade. And those overly sympathetic juries Newsweek derides as so eager to dole out big bucks to injured victims?
In 2001, they voted against plaintiffs in 75 percent of all medical malpractice trials, according to the federal government’s Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).
In an interview, Taylor dismisses these numbers as insignificant compared with the tort system’s $200 billion drag on the economy. “The costs of the tort system to society have gone up astronomically,” he says. That figure, though, comes from the insurance-industry consulting firm Tillinghast-Towers Perrin (TTP), which includes in its definition of the “tort system” insurance company administrative costs and overhead and the salaries of highly paid insurance company CEOs (Maurice “Hank” Greenberg, chairman of AIG, one of the world’s largest insurance companies, makes $29 million a year). One thing TTP doesn’t include: court budgets, which makes its study seem a lot more like an assessment of the insurance industry than of the legal system.
It’s not as though Newsweek wasn’t aware of these facts. On Friday, Dec. 5, a day before the story went to press, Taylor contacted the Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA) for a quote. ATLA relayed the request to the nonprofit Center for Justice and Democracy (CJD), whose director, Joanne Doroshow, emailed Taylor information that contradicted some of the assertions in the story, including the state court data and a critique of the TTP study. (Doroshow provided the entire email exchange to The Washington Monthly.) Taylor dismissed it all, telling Doroshow, “Based on your many emails to me over the past 24 hours, you have very little thoughtful analysis to contribute to that debate.”
Taylor did, however, take lots of his information from Philip K. Howard, the founder of Common Good, a group funded by corporations and physicians seeking to limit their legal liability for wrongdoing. Common Good’s agenda includes advocating for legislation that would end the civil jury’s role in many lawsuits. To advance the cause, Common Good helps reporters generate anti-lawsuit articles by distributing colorful litigation horror stories from around the country–the story from the Arizona Sun about Warner’s softball tournament, for instance, was linked on Common Good’s Web site a few months before the Newsweek story appeared.
Incidentally, Howard also works for the law firm of Covington & Burling, which represents Newsweek‘s parent company. Post-Newsweek Inc. has been sued a number of times for employment discrimination and was hit with an $8.3 million verdict in 1999, a fact that Newsweek didn’t mention in the story.
Unfortunately, Newsweek‘s one-sided coverage of the civil justice system is the rule, not the exception. Every few months, one or another newspaper, magazine, or television show does a story just like it. They all hew to a standard line, starting with a juicy but misleading–or even fictitious–lawsuit horror story typically describing an irresponsible plaintiff, followed by “studies” on the economic damage of the tort system published by corporate front groups, finally ending with calls for “reforms” to rein in mushy-headed juries and greedy trial lawyers. Such skewed coverage represents a victory in a sustained, 50-year public relations assault on the civil justice system by the insurance industry, tobacco companies, and other corporate giants. It’s helped fuel political support for curtailing Americans’ right to hold corporations and individuals accountable for negligence, fraud, and other malfeasance in court. Perhaps more serious, journalists’ willingness to perpetuate anti-lawsuit propaganda has gravely jeopardized Americans’ unique democratic right to participate on civil juries.
The current PR campaign by the insurance industry and other big corporations is just the latest iteration of a long fight tracing back to the 1950s. That was when plaintiffs’ lawyers started breaking down some of the legal barriers that had long protected industry from responsibility for injuries to workers and consumers and opened up jury pools to make them more representative of the general public. The blood bath on the nation’s highways during the post-war auto boom also created a whole new arena of litigation over who should pay for the injuries and deaths caused in car accidents. Auto insurance companies were frequently in the middle of these disputes (as they are today; insurance companies are the defendants in 90 percent of all auto-accident lawsuits).
With their profits threatened by unfavorable jury verdicts, the insurance industry started running anti-lawsuit ads targeted at jurors. For instance, in 1953, the industry ran ads in Life magazine and The Saturday Evening Post that declared, “ruled by emotion rather than facts, [jurors] arrive at unfounded or excessive awards–verdicts occasionally even higher than requested!” The ads implored potential jurors to remember that “you pay for liability and damage suit verdicts whether you are insured or not.”
The industry also successfully planted articles in national magazines and TV shows that were designed to look like investigative reporting. In 1962, CBS broadcast “Smash-Up,” a fictionalized docudrama that portrayed sleazy lawyers faking auto accident cases. The Insurance Information Institute, the industry’s public relations arm, helped write the script. In 1977, the venerable insurance company Crum & Forester sponsored one of the first print ads that included what would become a staple of anti-lawsuit rhetoric: the fictional lawsuit horror story. The ad told the story of a guy who collected a $500,000 jury verdict after he was injured using a lawnmower as a hedge clipper. The agency later conceded that it had no factual basis for the story, but that didn’t keep it from circulating widely in the media and in conservative political speeches.
The industry knew what it was doing. In 1979, Elizabeth Loftus, the famous memory researcher and University of California psychologist, tested the effects of this kind of advertising on potential jurors and their decision making in the jury box. At the time, the industry was spending $10 million on a series of ads in a host of national magazines. In an article in The American Bar Association Journal, Loftus reported that potential jurors who were exposed to even one insurance ad awarded much less for pain and suffering than those who weren’t.
In the mid-1980s, with insurance companies hitting a slump, the insurance industry’s “tort reform” movement, as it became known, broadened its emphasis. Instead of limiting itself to targeting individual jurors through mass media advertising, the industry began to heavily lobby legislators to restrict citizens’ ability to sue. The movement pursued strict caps on damage awards, tougher standards for proving liability, and caps on plaintiffs’ attorney fees. The industry’s crusade was taken up by small government conservatives, who believed that tort reform paralleled their own efforts to fill the federal bench with pro-business jurists and roll back government regulations. They were also upset by changes in the 1960s and 1970s that broadened legal protections for women and minorities, such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the expansion of product liability doctrines that made it easier for injured consumers to force companies to compensate them for faulty products. Politically, it was a lot easier to attack juries and trial lawyers than the popular consumer, civil rights, and environmental protection laws they enforced–or the injured victims they represented.
Advertising was a key component of those efforts. In 1986, Newsweek ran a series of ads sponsored by the insurance industry under the heading, “We all pay the price.” The ads warned that lawsuits were driving ob/gyns out of business, shuttering local school sports programs, and scaring the clergy out of counseling their flocks–though few of these assertions turned out to be true. That same year, 1,600 tort reform measures were introduced in 44 state legislatures, 21 of which passed significant restrictions on lawsuits and jury awards before adjourning.
Tort reformers still weren’t satisfied but were hamstrung by the fact that most Americans didn’t see lawsuits as a huge problem. After all, most people never have any contact with the legal system unless they’re getting divorced. So, a group of corporate leaders, including AIG’s Greenberg, set about to change that by pumping money into right-wing think tanks to prepare a body of “evidence” proving that not only was there a crisis in the courthouse but also that “we all pay the price” as a result.
One of the most influential of those groups is the Manhattan Institute, founded by the late CIA director William Casey. In 1986, the institute created its Project on Civil Justice Reform with funding from all the same insurance companies who’d been responsible for circulating bogus lawsuit horror stories. The project was targeted specifically at journalists. In a 1992 memo, institute president William Hammett explained the strategy for molding reporters into a “pro-tort reform” position: “Journalists need copy, and it’s an established fact that over time they’ll ‘bend’ in the direction in which it flows. For that reason, it is imperative that a steady stream of understandable research, analysis, and commentary supporting the need for liability reform be produced. If sometime during the present decade, a consensus emerges in favor of serious judicial reform, it will be because millions of minds have been changed, and only one institution is powerful enough to bring that about: the combined force of the nation’s print and broadcast media, the most potent instrument for public education–or miseducation–in existence.”
Over the next decade, the institute produced a blizzard of reports, conferences, op-eds, books, and mailings all decrying the “litigation explosion” and greedy trial lawyers. They cultivated sympathetic and influential journalists such as “20/20″‘s John Stossel, then-New Republic editor Michael Kinsley, and TNR columnist Fred Barnes, and more recently, Stuart Taylor, who frequently cites their work in his columns for Newsweek, The National Journal, and The Atlantic Monthly. The “research” conducted by the institute usually purported to show how lawsuits impact the average consumer’s daily life by raising the cost of groceries or auto insurance or driving their favorite physicians out of business. But some of the institute’s “scholars” played a little fast and loose with the facts.
Take the idea of a “tort tax,” the financial hit allegedly taken by every citizen because of the legal system, which Taylor raised in his December Newsweek article. It dates back to 1988, when Manhattan Institute fellow Peter Huber coined the term in his book, Liability, and claimed that the tort system cost Americans $300 billion a year. Three years later, the figure made its way into a speech given by Vice President Dan Quayle, who blamed lawyers for wrecking the economy. After the speech, several researchers examined the methods Huber had used to arrive at that figure. Huber, they found, had simply made it up. As The Economist observed in 1992, “the $300 billion figure has no discernible connection to reality.”
While the Manhattan Institute targeted the media elite, large corporations also set about creating the appearance of a “grassroots” movement to persuade lawmakers that tort reform had broad populist appeal. As Neal Cohen, one of the PR geniuses behind this project explained to a meeting of the Public Affairs Council in 1994, “In a tort reform battle, if State Farm…is the leader of the coalition, you’re not going to pass the bill. It is not credible. OK? Because it’s so self-serving.” Cohen was speaking from experience. Since 1988, he had been running Philip Morris’s “family tort project” through the D.C. consulting firm APCO, where he helped the tobacco industry wage a multi-million stealth campaign to insulate itself from smokers’ lawsuits. By 1995, the tobacco industry was providing almost half the budget–$5.5 million in a single year–for the American Tort Reform Association (ATRA).
ATRA, in turn, helped funnel money to state level organizations called Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse (CALA). These chapters were responsible for holding “lawsuit abuse awareness week,” buying ads on buses and billboards, providing experts for reporters, generating “polls” that claimed 99 percent of Americans believe there are too many frivolous lawsuits. The groups were hardly grass-roots organizations of inflamed citizens; the original chapter, in Weslaco, Texas, is just a shell corporation housed in the local chamber of commerce.
Even after the corporate backing of these groups came to light (thanks in part to Cohen’s speech, a tape of which was obtained by some muckraking reporters), tort reformers have continuted to use variations of the technique. Most recently, doctors seeking to restrict medical malpractice lawsuits have worked with corporate front groups like Texans for Patient Access and Californians Allied for Patient Protection.
After 50 years and hundreds of millions of dollars spent convincing the public of a litigation crisis, the tort reformers have largely succeeded. There’s very little that journalists won’t repeat and readers won’t swallow about the evils of the civil liability system.
In November 2002, viewers of “60 Minutes” learned that Fayette, Miss., was the nation’s capital of “jackpot justice,” a place where “plaintiffs’ lawyers have found that juries in rural, impoverished places can be mighty sympathetic when one of their own goes up against a big, rich, multinational corporation.” In the story, Morley Safer interviewed a local florist who had received a multi-million dollar settlement in a diet-drug lawsuit. The unnamed florist alleged that trial lawyers were bribing jurors to give big awards. “The jury awarded these people this money because they felt as if they were going to get a cut off of it,” he told Safer.
During the broadcast, Safer interviewed Wyatt Emmerich, the publisher of a newspaper in Jackson, who explained a few big verdicts there by saying, “Look at the jurors. These are disenfranchised people. These are people who’ve been left out of the system, who feel like, ‘Hey, stick it to the Yankee companies. Stick it to the insurance companies. Stick it to the pharmaceutical companies.’ The African Americans feel like it’s payback for disenfranchisement. And the rednecks, shall we say, it’s like, ‘Hey, you know, get back at’ revenge for the Civil War. So there’s a lot of resentment, a lot of class anger, a lot of racial anger. And it’s very easy to weave this racial conflict and this class conflict into a big pot of money for the attorneys.” The day after the program aired, the legislature passed new restrictions on lawsuits.
Tiny Jefferson County’s national reputation as a “judicial hellhole” came in part from intense publicity from the American Tort Reform Association, which every year publishes a “study” purporting to identify various jurisdictions around the country it deems too plaintiff-friendly and in need of reform. At the time of the “60 Minutes” episode, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Institute for Legal Reform was spending millions nationally on advertising and lobbying for restrictions on citizens’ rights to sue. At least $100,000 of that had recently gone into an advertising campaign in Mississippi to push for a cap on damages in lawsuits against corporations. Those facts weren’t included in the story. Meanwhile, the florist, Beau Strittman, retracted his comments about the payoffs, telling the AP, “I just said it as a joking statement.” CBS spokesman Kevin Tedesco said the network could not comment on the segment because several jurors have sued CBS for libel over the broadcast.
It wasn’t the first time “60 Minutes” got duped in an anti-lawsuit segment. Back in 1986, the show profiled the owner of a ladder manufacturing company who claimed his company had been hit with a $300,000 jury verdict in a suit by a man who fell off a ladder because he set it in a pile of manure. The business owner claimed the lawsuit alleged the company should have warned buyers of the dangers of setting ladders in dung. The real lawsuit had nothing to do with manure; the ladder had broken with less than 450 pounds on it, even though it had a safety rating that said it could support up to 1,000. Tedesco says the show never ran a correction.
The print media, mostly opinion columnists, have proven even more gullible in publishing stories about lawsuits that are simply fictional. For instance, in June 2003, in a column entitled, “Welcome to Sue City, U.S.A.,” U.S. News & World Report owner Mort Zuckerman claimed that “litigation has become our national pastime.” As proof, he offered several examples of lawsuits that illustrated the nation’s “enormous inflation of rights over responsibilities.” Zuckerman wrote, “A woman throws a soft drink at her boyfriend at a restaurant, then slips on the floor she wet and breaks her tailbone. She sues. Bingo–a jury says the restaurant owes her $100,000! A woman tries to sneak through a restroom window at a nightclub to avoid paying the $3.50 cover charge. She falls, knocks out two front teeth, and sues. A jury awards her $12,000 for dental expenses.”
The anecdotes were catchy. Unfortunately, they weren’t true. The stories had been circulating in an email for two years and had made it into several mainstream news outlets, including another Zuckerman property, The New York Daily News, which had published an email containing one of the fake lawsuits in the sports section a year earlier (with no correction). When The Washington Post‘s Howard Kurtz called him on the U.S. News error, Zuckerman was unapologetic. The magazine only published a brief clarification about the fictional suits, which ended by saying, “Mr. Zuckerman continues to believe, and most Americans agree, that we live in a country where far too many frivolous lawsuits are filed each year.” When contacted by The Washington Monthly, a spokesperson for Zuckerman refused to disclose the source of the lawsuit anecdotes or to offer an explanation as to why Zuckerman would publish anything from a spam email without checking it out first.
Small-town papers seem even more vulnerable to such fabrications than the national media, yet their impact is substantial, as battles over most tort reform laws are fought in state legislatures, and juries are drawn from local pools. For instance, in February last year, the Weirton Daily Times in Weirton, W. Va., published an editorial supporting tort reform and blaming juries for outrageous decisions in frivolous lawsuits. Among the examples was the story of an Oklahoma man who put his Winnebago on cruise control at 70 mph and “calmly left the driver’s seat to go into the back and make himself a cup of coffee.” Naturally, after the crash, the man sued Winnebago for not advising him of the dangers of cruise control. A jury awarded the man $1.75 million and a new motor home, the paper said. But it turned out that every one of the lawsuits mentioned in the Daily Times editorial stemmed from an anonymous email and was fiction. A local attorney, Michael Nogay, called Daily Times managing editor Richard Crofton and alerted him to the error. But rather than print a humble retraction, Crofton argued in print that the essence of the editorial was true and published several examples of “real” frivolous lawsuits. “What really killed me was that they didn’t even say ‘we’re sorry,’” says Nogay, who notes that the column came a week or so after the state chamber of commerce had run a full-page ad in the paper calling for tort reform while the legislature was in session. When I asked what made him write about the suits without checking their veracity, Crofton says, “We’re a small paper, and I don’t have the resources to track down things all over the country.”
The media mogul Steve Brill first wrote about litigation myths back in 1986, when, as a journalist he traced several examples of the allegedly “frivolous lawsuits” for The American Lawyer magazine and found that many of them were simply urban legends. He says, “I had gone back through the archives of Time magazine, and every ten years, Time declared a ‘litigation crisis.’ But there was no crisis.” Reporters’ perpetuation of the litigation myths has become one of Brill’s pet peeves, even though, as a business owner himself, he supports legal changes that would protect businesses. “Reporters are basically lazy,” says Brill. “You can always find a ridiculous lawsuit to make the system look crazy.”
The plain fact is, most lawsuits are neither ridiculous nor lucrative. Despite the eye-popping headlines about billion-dollar fen-phen verdicts or David v. Goliath movies about little guys taking on corporate wrongdoers in court, the civil justice system looks a lot more like this: On Aug. 2, 1997, Bonnie Daniels rear-ended Diane Pitnikoff in Cumberland County, Maine, and was arrested for drunk driving. Pitnikoff suffered a number of lingering injuries and ran up $42,000 in medical bills. Pitnikoff sued Daniels for $100,000. On March 20, 2003, a jury voted in favor of Pitnikoff, awarding her a grand total of $21,000.
It’s not a very sexy story–hardly the kind of thing that captures the imagination and lands on the cover of Newsweek. Yet most tort lawsuits in this country–nearly 60 percent–involve simple fender-benders, and the awards are generally quite small and getting smaller. New data released in April by the Justice Department’s BJS show that in state courts, the median “jackpot” jury verdict in all tort suits was a mere $37,000 in 2001–down from $65,000 in 1992.
And what of the undeserved billions in punitive damages that Newsweek says Americans win from sympathetic juries? Punitive damage awards are intended to punish wrongdoers for reprehensible conduct, and as a result, must be high enough to get the defendant’s attention. That’s why an Alaska jury hit Exxon with a $4.5 billion penalty in the wake of the Valdez spill. But such awards are so rare that, according to BJS, the median punitive damage award in 2001 was only $50,000. Only 7 percent of all plaintiffs were awarded $1 million or more.
Because the Justice Department data conflict so sharply with conventional wisdom, you’d think it would have been big news. The media coverage that resulted from the new government study? Forty words in the USA Today. As of mid-August, no major media outlet had covered the study, including Newsweek. National editor Tom Watson says that his magazine has a strict policy of not commenting on its own news coverage. “No one is willing to report that tort awards are down, and that they’re 30,000 bucks, not 5 million,” says Theodore Eisenberg, a Cornell University law school professor who does empirical research on the legal system.
Indeed, the tort reformers’ message has proven remarkably resistant to correction. Part of the reason is that those who have another side of the story to present have vastly fewer resources with which to make their case. BJS has a publicity budget of zero dollars, making it tough for the bureau to publicize its remarkable findings. Trial lawyers, who do have some money, have been reluctant to fight back in the media because they recognize that they are universally mistrusted. They’ve picked their fight in the courthouse, where they challenge tort reform proposals as unconstitutional.
Tort reformers, too, have deftly manipulated reporters’ weaknesses, like the over-reliance on the anecdotal lead. Editors are always imploring writers to find a perfect anecdote that can sum up a complicated problem in 40 words or less. This can be a useful tool for conveying information to a reader, but when it comes to something as complex as civil justice system, the technique often backfires because the juiciest anecdotes tend to be the exception rather than the rule. And reporters simply don’t expect to be lied to when an advocacy group hands them tales of a crazy lawsuit or a study about economic trends–a naivet that the tort reform movement has skillfully exploited. Gary Alan Fine, a sociology professor at Northwestern University and an expert on contemporary legends, says most people, including reporters, “rely on the trust we have of others.”
Lobbying groups and industry financed think tanks have also taken advantage of an information vacuum. For years, most state courts never collected information on case outcomes and jury awards, so real numbers were hard to come by. Tort reformers have expertly filled this void with their own figures. “When there’s no data, you can just make stuff up,” says Eisenberg.
Even when there are relatively good data, they are easy to misread. The RAND Corporation’s Institute for Civil Justice has reliable jury verdict data for two counties in Illinois and California going back 40 years. At one point, California’s average jury verdicts showed a big jump. A tort reform lobbyist might point to the same data as proof that emotional jurors are giving away a lot more money. In fact, what happened was that California raised the dollar limits for cases that could be pressed in small claims court, taking the small cases out of the main court, thus pushing up its statistical average even when the actual awards stayed constant. “It’s really, really hard to make any inferences about what’s going on out there from jury verdicts,” says RAND’s Seth Seabury.
Indeed, the “onslaught of litigation” over the past 30 years decried in Newsweek is a relative term. In 1962, for instance, only about 300 civil rights lawsuits were filed in federal courts. In 2000, there were more than 40,000–an onslaught, to be sure, but that’s because prior to 1964, racial discrimination was legal.
Michael McCann, director of the Comparative Law and Society Studies Center at the University of Washington, suspects that legal myths remain so pervasive because Americans want to believe them. He says that tort reformers have turned the frivolous lawsuit “into a morality tale about the loss of personal responsibility.” He also suspects that the flexible American legal system lends itself to such caricatures because in America, fat people really can sue McDonalds (whether they would win is an entirely different matter), so many of the fake lawsuit stories don’t seem like that much of a stretch.
The news coverage may be creating some unexpected consequences: Some academic researchers suspect that all the hype about the litigation crisis might actually be making Americans more litigious by giving them the erroneous impression that compensation is available through the courts for most injuries. As McCann says, “Tort reformers may have produced more frivolous claims while making legitimate claims harder to bring.”
Indeed, if Americans really are overcome with fear of lawsuits, it might be because they’ve been reading too many Newsweek articles. At least that’s the rationale cited by the organizers of annual Polar Bear Plunge back in Page, Ariz. In January, organizer Paul Ostapuk told the local newspaper that he was canceling the annual event at Lake Powell because “Given the rampant rise in frivolous lawsuits across the nation and the recent Newsweek articleI’ve had to play it safe and rethink the 2004 Polar Bear Plunge event.” Ostapuk said he was planning to reschedule for next year–after buying some insurance.
