They just might be right. To listen to Rodolfo O. de la Garza and Louis DeSipio, however, this potential bonanza of votes remains untapped. Since 1988, the two political scientists have tracked the role of Latinos in U.S. politics, and they have released their latest findings, Muted Voices: Latinos and the 2000 Elections, just in time for the 2004 election. As the title indicates, the authors–and their 17 collaborators in this collection of essays–argue that Latino interests and concerns are largely neglected by political parties and candidates even as the media focus on them continues to increase. Muted Voices looks broadly at recent campaign efforts to target Latinos and, in classic academic fashion, uses a series of case studies from high Latino population states such as Arizona, Texas, California, and New York to make predictions about the influence of Latino voters in future elections.
Two dominant arguments are maintained through the essays of Muted Voices. The first posits that Latinos cast ballots as a bloc and therefore constitute a singular, identifiable Latino vote. And the second maintains that in order to successfully court this bloc, a political party must both project a “welcoming image” and promote a package of issues targeted specifically to the community. These academics contend that there is a political philosophy that is unique and comprehensive in its appeal to the Latino electorate–and one that primarily, if not solely, revolves around the concept of being Latino.
Both of these assumptions are deeply flawed. And they are undercut by evidence from the book itself, as well as by opinion polls of Latinos that depict a diverse constituency that looks much more like the broader, diverse American electorate than like a distinct voting bloc.
Although a number of these essays describe examples of Latino outreach efforts at the state level, collectively they fail to elucidate what a “welcoming image” looks like, and fail to identify Latino political interests and concerns that are fundamentally distinct from those of other Americans. Noting that the issues most important to Latinos tend to be the same ones other voters are worried about, the authors admit, “Most Latino leaders interviewed for this study rejected the idea that it was a unique ‘Latino agenda.’ According to the respondents, the issues are similar for Latinos and non-Latinos: health care, quality education, and safe neighborhoods.”
Likewise, while contributor Robert Marbut cites the work of Lionel Sosa, the 2000 Bush campaign point man to Latinos, as an example of successful outreach, Sosa’s strategy was based on emphasizing five traits–optimism, empathy, strength, leadership, and inclusiveness–of which only the last could charitably be interpreted as appealing uniquely to Latinos. In addition, while some of the essays seek to explain George W. Bush’s unique appeal to Latino voters, Ronald Reagan did better in this ethnic group.
The reasons for Bush’s lack of support among Latinos aren’t very different from those responsible for his decline in popularity in general. According to a 2004 poll by the Pew Hispanic Center and the Kaiser Family Foundation, the majority of registered Latino voters disapprove of Bush’s handling of Iraq and do not believe he has a clear plan to succeed there. They are indifferent to his 2001 tax cuts. And finally, the majority of Latinos believe that religion should be kept out of political discussions and that abortion should be legal–two views that undercut the cultural affinity Bush was supposed to have with these largely Catholic voters.
This is not to say that the Latino electorate will not lean more Republican in the future. But if it does, that change will likely be due to a shift in demographics and a change in socio-economic status for Latinos, not Republican efforts to appeal to “Latino concerns.” Only 34 percent of registered Latino voters between the ages of 18 and 29 identify themselves as Democratic, compared to 64 percent of those 55 and older, a sign that the Democrats’ current two-to-one advantage at the polls may come to an end within a generation. In addition, according to the Pew Hispanic Center, Latino Republicans tend “to have higher incomes and are more likely to be foreign-born than Latino Democrats.” As Latinos in the United States continue to assimilate and climb the economic ladder, their voting patterns may change as well.
The admission that Latinos cannot be easily categorized as a unified voting bloc motivated by a list of hot-button political issues might obviate the need for a few panels at American Political Science Association meetings and call into question the existence of the academic specialty of Latino voter scholarship. But it might be a more accurate reflection of the role Latinos play in U.S. elections.
